Chapter 1 - Animal Kingdom 

Q.1 which of the following has the largest brain in proportion to its body size 

1) Ant 

2) Elephant 

 3) Dolphin 

4) Human being 

ANS- DOLPHIN 

Q.2 Which one of the following eat an egg laying mammal ? 

1) Mongoose 

2) Platypus 

3) Whale 

4) Mole 

Ans - PLATYPUS 

Q.3 Cuttlefish belongs to phylum 

1) Echinodermata 

2) Mollusca 

3) Annelida 

4) Pisces 

Ans- Mollusca

Q. 4 which of the following features are used by Protista organism for locomotion? 

1) Maxilla 

2) Flagella 

3) Ephemera 

4) Chimera 

Ans - Flagella 

Q. 5 whittaker classified organisms into how many kingdoms ?

1) 3 

2) 5 

3) 7 

5) 9 

Ans - 5 

Q.6 Animals of which Phylum have jointed legs? 

1) Mollusca 

2) Nematoda 

3) Arthropoda 

4) protista 

Ans- Arthropoda 

Q.7 bacilli are bacteria which are 

1) Comma-shaped 

2) Rod-shaped 

3) Spiral 

4) Spherical 

Ans - Rod- shaped 

Q.8 The bodies of Penguins are .......  and their feet have webs making them good Swimmers .

1) Heavy 

2) Streamlined 

3) Oily 

4) Feathery 

Ans - streamlined 

Q.9 Maine coon, ragdoll and somali are the breeds of 

1) Dogs 

2) cats 

3) Elephant 

4) none 

Ans- Cats 

    Chapter 2 -  CELL 

Q. Ribosomes are sites for 

1) Protein synthesis 

2) Photosynthesis 

3) Fat synthesis 

4) Respiration 

Ans - protein synthesis 

Q. 2 The cell wall of a plant is composed of 

1) Cellulose 

2) Carbohydrate 

3) Lipids 

4) Lipoprotein 

Ans - cellulose 

Q. 3 In which stage of meiosis does synapsis take place ? 

1) Leptotene 

2) Pachytene 

3) Zygotene 

4) Metaphase - first 

Ans - Zygotene 

Q. 4 In plant tissues the cell walls of... are coagulated by Suberin which makes them impervious to gases and water molecules 

1) Cork 

2) Epidermis 

3) Stomata 

4) Phloem fibres 

Ans - cork 

Q.5 animals in which the cells are arranged in three embryonic layers are called 

1) Diploblastic 

2) Ectoderm 

3) Endoderm 

4) Triploblastic 

Ans - Triploblastic 

Q.6 Which one of the following cell organelle is known as suicide bags of a cell ? 

1) Plastids 

2) Lysosomes 

3) Endoplasmic reticulum 

4) Mitochondria 

Ans - Lysosomes

Q.7 Which of the following organelles shows similarity to a prokaryotic cell ? 

1) Mitochondria only 

2) Chloroplast 

3) Both chloroplast and mitochondria 

4) None of these 

Ans - ( 3 ) 

Q.8  during which stage of Mitosis the spindle fibres are formed ? 

1) Anaphase 

2) Metaphase 

3) Prophase 

4) Telophase 

Ans - metaphase

Q.9  The stage in cell division that consists of G1 phase , S phase , G2 phase is

1) Metaphase 

2) Interphase

3) Prophase 

4) Anaphase 

Ans - Interphase 

Q.10 The outermost covering of the plant cell is constituted by 

1) Cellulose 

2) Lignin 

3) Chitin 

4) Glycocalyx 

Ans - Cellulose 

Chapter 3 - plant diseases 

Q. 1 which of the following crops is related to Karnal Bunt disease ? 

1) Maize 

2) Pea 

3) Wheat 

4) Rice 

Ans - Wheat 

Q.2 Red rot is disease of the following crop 

1) Sugarcane 

2) Paddy 

3) Wheat 

4) Chick pea 

Ans - Sugar cane 

Q.3 which of the following is an example of Herbicide ? 

1) Sodium chlorate

2) Potassium permanganate

3) Bleaching powder

4) None of the above 

Ans - Sodium chlorate 

Q.4 What is the most responsible factor for plant diseases ? 

1) Fungus 

2) Bacterium 

3) Virus 

4) Protozoa 

Ans - Fungus 

Q.5 Consider the following : 

1.Birds 

2. Dust blowing 

3. Rain 

4. Wind blowing 

Which of the above spread plant diseases ? 

 1 and 3 Only 

3 and 4 only 

1, 2 and 4 only 

1, 2, 3 and 4 

Ans - 1, 2 ,3 and 4 

Q.6 the disease blast is related to which among the following crops ? 

Rice 

Wheat 

Sugarcane 

Chickpea 

Ans - Rice 

Q. 7 Which of the following plant does not belong to  the category pollution indicator plants ? 

1) Nicotiana tobacum 

1) Azalea 

3) Prunus 

4) Plankton algae 

Ans - Nicotiana tobacum 

Q. 8 Which of the following is / are  disease of sugarcane ? 

1) Black rot 

2) Black stripe 

3) Eye spot 

4) All of the above 

Ans - All of the above 

Q.9 Which of the following plant disease is caused by virus ? 

1) Fire blight 

2) Mosaic 

3) Granville wilt 

4) Soft rot 

Ans - Mosaic 

Chapter 4 - Plant Nutrition 

Q.1 the tissue that transport food in plants is

1) Xylem 

2) Phloem 

3) Parenchyma 

4) Collenchyma 

Ans - phloem 

Q. 2 Eutrophication of water body results from 

1) Depletion of oxygen

2) Enhanced growth of algae or algal blooms

3) High amounts of nitrogenous nutrients and orthophosphate

4) Submersing idols in the water body 

Ans - high amounts of nitrogenous nutrients and orthophosphate 

Q.3 those plants who depends on the other plants for their food is called as 

1) Parasite 

2) Autotroph 

3) Saprotroph 

4) Insectivorous 

Ans - Parasite 

Q.4 the biofertilizer used as supplementary food for the cattle specially for milking bovines is

1) Azotobacter 

2) Azospirillum 

3) Rhizobium 

4) Azolla

Ans - Azolla 

Q.5 Which of the following plant hormones inhibits  growth ? 

1) Cytokinins 

2) Gibberellins 

3) Abscisic acid 

4) Auxins

Ans Abscisic acid 

Q.6 The gas involved in the photosynthesis process is ________

1) Ozone 

2) Oxygen 

3) Hydrogen 

4) Carbon dioxide 

Ans - Carbon dioxide 

Q.7 Insectivorous plants grow on soil which is deficient in 

1) Nitrogen 

2) Carbon 

3) Sulphur 

4) Potassium 

Ans - Nitrogen 

Q.8 plants receive nutrients from

1) Atmosphere 

2) Chlorophyll 

3) Soil 

4) Light 

Ans - Soil 

Q.9 Free living anaerobic nitrogen fixing bacteria found in soil is 

1) Azotobacter 

2) Clostridium 

3) Rhizobium 

4) Vibrio

Ans - Clostridium 

Q.10 Deficiency of which of the following nutrient causes retarded growth in plants 

1) Iron 

2) Calcium 

3) Magnesium 

4) Copper 

Ans - Calcium 

 Chapter 5 - Plant Kingdom 

Q.1 the plants tolerant to the desert conditions are called

1) Polyphytes 

2) Xerophytes 

3) Halophytes 

4) Hydrophytes 

Ans - Xerophytes 

Q.2 Malus domestica is the scientific name for the 

1) Mango tree 

2) Pineapple plant 

3) Banana tree 

4) Apple tree

Ans - Apple tree 

Q.3  Which multicellular eukaryotes have cell wall and they do not perform photosynthesis ? 

1) Fungi 

2) Plantae 

3) Animalia 

4) Protista

Ans Fungi

Q.4 __________ are often referred to as the amphibians of the plant Kingdom 

1) Bryophyta 

2) Phanerogamae

3) Pteridophyta 

4) Thallophyta 

Ans - Bryophyta 

Q. 5 Amoeba and Paramecium are the members of 

1) Protista 

2) Mollusca 

3) Arthropoda 

4) Annelida 

Ans - Protista 

Q.6 Red algae are generally found in 

1) Mountains 

2) Cities 

3) Water bodies 

4) Deserts 

Ans - Water bodies 

Q.7 The plants which gives signal when the soil become dry 

1) Neem 

2) Tulsi 

3) Croton 

3) Hibiscus 

Ans - Croton 

Q.8 Which of the following is odd regarding the conversion of axillary bud into tendril 

1) Cucumber 

2) Pumpkin 

3) Watermelon 

4) Bougainvellea 

Ans - Watermelon 

Q.9 During cell division cap cells are formed in 

1) Oedigonium 

2) Ectocarpus 

3) Chara 

4) Polysiphonia 

Ans - Oedogonium 

Chapter 6 - Plant Tissues 

Q.1 Which of the following plant hormones controls fruit ripening ? 

1) Ethylene 

2) Zeatin 

3) Auxins 

4) Gibberellic acid 

Ans - Ethylene 

Q.2 ____________ tissue cells separate to form different types of permanent tissue 

1) Parenchyma 

2) Collenchyma 

3) Meristem 

4) Sclerenchyma 

Ans - Meristem 

Q.3 The capital lease of collenchyma tissue becomes thick due to the deposits of _________

1) Cellulose and pectin

2) Lignin and chitin

3) Pectin and chitin

4) Suberin and cellulose 

Q.4 which of the following tissues has dead cells ? 

1) Sclerenchyma 

2) Collenchyma 

3) Epithelial tissue 

4) Parechyma 

Ans - Sclerenchyma 

Q.5 The part which makes eggs is : 

1) Pistil 

2) Calyx 

3) Stamen 

4) Corolla

Ans - pistill 

Q.6 ___________is a monocot plant. 

1) Carrot 

2) Daisy 

3) Garlic 

4) Rose

Ans Garlic 

Q.7 Tap roots are commonly found in_________ 

1) Angiosperm 

2) Gymnosperm 

3) Monocots 

4) Dicots 

Ans - Dicots 

Q.8 Which of the following meristematic tissue is located in the leaves and internodes of the plant ?

1) Intercalary Meristem

2) Apical Meristem

3) Lateral Meristem

4) None of the above 

Ans - Intercalary meristem 

Q.9 Which of the following are the diverse components of phloem ? 

1) Phloem parenchyma and phloem fibres

2) Sieve tubes and companion cells

3) Both 1 and 2

4) None 1 and 2 

Ans - both 1 and 2 

Chapter 7 - Animal tissues 

Q.1 __________ is a condition that results from eating a diet in which nutrients are not enough or are too much such that it causes health problems 

1) Repletion 

2) Malnutrition 

3) Appetite 

4) Starvation 

Ans - Malnutrition 

Q.2 _____________is any food constituent or group of food constituents of the same general composition that aids in the support of animal life 

1) Enzyme 

2) Minerals 

3) Nutrient 

4) Protein

Ans - Nutrient 

Q.3 Forages that are specially grown for feeding to livestock are known as_______ 

1) Fodders 

2) Forages 

3) Silage 

4) Hay

Ans - Fodders 

Q.4  Which of the following is a nutrient that is essential to every living animal for survival ? 

1) Carbohydrates 

2) Protein 

3) Vitamins 

4) All of the above 

Ans (4 ) 

Q. 5 Which one of the following represents a group of autotrophs ? 

1) Algae, Spinach, Tomato, Banana 

2) Algae ,cuscuta, banana, mango 

3) Spinach, mushroom , tomato, yeast

4) Tulsi, algae, cuscuta, mushroom

Ans ( 1 ) 

Q.6 Herbivorous require a longer small intestine to digest__________ 

1) Proteins 

2) Fats 

3) Cellulose 

4) Vitamins

Ans - Cellulose 

Q.7 the small Colony aur are also called _________ 

1) Primary consumers 

2) Secondary consumers 

3) Tertiary consumers 

4) None 

Ans (2) 

Q.8 Chondrocytes are found in _______ 

1) Blood 

2) Epithelial tissue 

3) Nervous tissue 

4) Cartilage 

Ans ( 4 ) 

Q.9 The columnar cells that are specialised for secretion are called ___ 

1) Cuboidal epithelium 

2) Ciliated epithelium 

3) Columnar epithelium 

4) Glandular epithelium 

Ans (4) 

Q.10 Which one of the following organs is the main respiratory organ of whale ?

1) Integuments 

2) Gills 

3) Lungs 

4) Trachea 

Ans - Lungs  ( because whale are mammals ) 

Chapter 8- Scientific names of plants and Animals 

Q.1 Bos mutus is the scientific name for 

1) Wild yak 

2) Horse 

3) Ox 

4) Buffalo 

Ans (1) 

Q.2 What is scientific name of vitamin C' ? 

1) Ascorbic acid 

2) Calciferol 

3) Folic acid 

4) Retinol 

Ans (1) 

Q.3 Gazella bennettii is the scientific name of ________ 

1) Elephant 

2) Lion 

3) Chinkara 

4) Wild ass 

Ans (3) 

Q.4 What is the scientific name of peacock ? 

1) Molpastes 

2) Eudynamis 

3) Pavo cristatus 

4) Psittacula 

Ans (3) 

Q.5 Mangifera Indica is the scientific name of which of the following plants ? 

1) Cabbage 

2) Mango 

3) Potato 

4) Sunflower 

Ans (2) 

Q.6 paleontology is the study of_______ 

1) Bones 

2) Primates 

3) Fossils 

4) Birds 

Ans (3) 

Q.7 What is the botanical name of opium ? 

1) Emblica officinalis 

2) Papaver somniferum 

3) Rauvolfia serpentina 

4) Cinchona

Ans (2) 

Q.8 the world's most problematic aquatic weed also known as terror of Bengal is 

1) Lantana camara 

2) Eichornia crassipes 

3) Parthenium 

4) Cynodone dactylon 

Ans (2) 

Q.9 Robert hooke discovered cells in 1663. What was the specimen that he used to observe cells ? 

Phloem 

Cork 

RBC 

Platelets 

Ans (2) 

Chapter 09 - Animal diseases 

Q.1 blue tongue disease mostly affect which of the following animal ? 

1) Fish 

2) Birds 

3) Sheep 

4) Donkey

Ans - Sheep 

Q.2 Which of the following cattle can be affected with Rinderpest disease ? 

1) Sheep 

2) Goat 

3) Pig 

4) All of these 

Ans- (4) 

Q .3 A fowl pox disease mostly affects which of the following species ? 

1) Camels 

2) Birds 

3) Goat 

4) Pig 

Ans - (2) 

Q.4 Which test is used to identify the mastitis disease in cattle ? 

1) Widal test 

2) Tetrazolium test 

3) Strep test 

4) None 

Ans (3) 

Q.5 Which of the following animal disease is a viral disease ? 

1) Foot and mouth disease 

2) Mastitis 

3) Blackleg 

4) Haemorrhgic septicaemia 

Ans (1) 

Q.6 Deficiency of iron in diet causes which disease ? 

1) Rickets 

2) Scurvy 

3) Goiter 

4) Anaemia 

Ans - (4) 

Q.7 Preservation protection and improvement of stock and prevention of animal diseases veterinary training and practice comes under which list of the constitution ? 

1) State list 

2) Union list 

3) Concurrent 

4) None 

Ans - (1) 

Q.8 An animal that transmits a disease from infected person to other potential host is called ________ 

1) Secondary host 

2) Primary host 

3) Vector 

4) Parasite 

Ans (3) 

Q. 9 The transfer of causative agents of animal disease to human beings is known as ______ 

1) Infestation 

2) Circulation 

3) Zoonoses 

4) None of the above 

Ans - (3) 

Q.10 Which is not a viral disease ? 

1) Swine flu 

2) Tuberculosis 

3) Measles 

4) Chikengunea 

Ans - (2) 

Note - General science biology mcq with answer for group - d 2021. Most expected chaperwise mcq of Animal physiology 

Chapter - Nervous system 

Q.1 Which one of the following organs will not feel any pain on being pricked by a needle ? 

1) Skin 

2) Brain 

3) Heart 

4) Eye 

Ans Brain 

Q.2 Glial cells are the most abundant cells in : 

1) Lungs 

2) Kidney 

3) Gallbladder 

4) Nervous system 

Ans - (4) 

Q.3 The number of spinal nerves in human body are 

1) 12 pairs 

2) 31 pairs 

3) 31 

4) 12 

Ans (2) 

Q.4 Which of the following cranial nerves in man is both sensory and motor 

1) Optic 

2) Olfactory 

3) Trigeminal 

4) Auditory 

Ans (3) 

Q.5 In reflex action and reflex arc is formed by 

1) Brain ---> muscle ---> spinal cord 

2) Receptor ---> spinal cord ---> Muscle 

3) Muscle ---> Brain ---> spinal cord 

4)Muscle ---> Receptor ---> spinal cord 

Ans - (2) 

Q.6 Centre for heat touch cold and pressure are in 

1) Frontal lobe 

2) Occipital lobe 

3) Parietal lobe 

4) Frontal as well as occipital lobe 

Ans (3) 

Q.7 Which of the following is not correct for cerebellum ? 

1) It lies in the posterior region of the brain 

2) It controls movements speech , sight,  smell , taste , hearing , intelligence etc 

3) It is a part of mind brain 

4) It maintains equilibrium of the body 

Ans - (2) 

Q.8 _______ controls involuntary activities like coughing and sneezing 

1) Medulla 

2) Brain pons 

3) pons 

4) Cerebellum 

Ans - Medulla 

Q.9 What is the largest part of the human brain ? 

1) Mid brain 

2) Medulla oblongata 

3) Cerebrum 

4) Cerebellum 

Ans (3) 

Q.10 Damage to this area in the brain causes problems in speech production 

1) Frontal cortex 

2) Broca's area 

3) Wernicke's area 

4) Occipital cortex 

Ans (3) 

Chapter - Digestive system 

Q.1 How dose the pH change from the mouth to the anus in the digestive system ? 

1) Alkaline - acidic - alkaline 

2) Acidic - alkaline - acidic 

3) Acidic - alkaline 

4) Alkaline - acidic 

Ans - (3) 

Q.2 Name the layer in the wall of the stomach that contains nerves and blood vessels . 

1) Lamina propria 

2) Mucosa 

3) Muscularis 

4) Sub-mucosa 

Ans - (4) 

Q.3 The digestive juices present in the stomach helps to digest _______ 

1) Both carbohydrates and proteins 

2) Proteins only

3) Fats only 

4) Carbohydrates only 

Ans - (2) 

Q.4 Which of the following ststement is correct ? 

1) Assimilation of food takes place in large intestine 

2) Large intestine has finger like projection called villi 

3) Large intestine is wider and shorter than small intestine 

4) Absorption of digested food takes place in large intestine 

Ans (3) 

Q.5 Fat is completely digested in the 

1) Stomach 

2) Mouth 

3) Small intestine 

3) Large intestine 

Ans (2) 

Q.6 The circular muscle found at the junction of stomach and duodenum is 

1) Anal sphincter 

2) Cardiac sphincter

3) Meissner's plexus 

4) Pyloric Sphincter 

Ans - (4) 

Q.7 Which of the are not digested in buccal cavity ? 

1) Glucose 

2) Proteins 

3) Fatty acids 

4) All of these 

Ans (4) 

Q.8 The contraction and expansion of the walls of food pipe is called _________ movement . 

1) Peristalsis 

2) Gastric 

3) Oscillatory 

4) Diastolic 

Ans (1) 

Q.9 The stones present in the gall bladder affect the digestion of : 

1) Protein 

2) Fat 

3) Carbohydrate 

4) Nucleic acid 

Ans - (2) 

Chapter - Skeleton system 

Q.1 Which is the longest muscle in the body ? 

1) Soleus 

2) Gracilis 

3) Trapezius 

4) Sartorius 

Ans - (4) 

Q.2 ________ are a connective tissue which connect two bones to each other 

1) Tendons 

2) Muscle 

3) Cartilages 

4) Ligaments 

Ans - (4) 

Q. 3 As per the text Charak Samhita how many bones are there in a human body ?

1) 206 

2) 360 

3) 370 

4) 208 

Ans - (2) 

Q.4 How many bones are there in human spinal column ? 

1) 33 

2) 32 

3) 31 

4) 30 

Ans - (1) 

Q.5 Which of the following is moving skull bone ? 

1) Femur 

2) Mandible 

3) Atlas 

4) Tibia 

Ans (2) 

Q.6 Bone matrix is rich in : 

1) Phosphorous and potassium 

2) Calcium and phosphorous 

3) Fluoride and calcium 

4) Calcium and potassium 

Ans (2) 

Q. 7 The femur bones of the human body are also known as _______ 

1) Wrist bones 

2) Thigh bones 

3) Shoulder bones 

4) Collar bones 

Ans (2) 

Q.8 The ends of limbs are covered with what to reduce the friction in joints .

1) Ligament 

2) Cartilage 

3) Muscle 

4) Tendon 

Ans (2) 

Q. 9 The element found in teeth and bones is - 

1) Potassium and Calcium

2) Calcium and magnesium

3) Calcium and phosphorus

4) Phosphorous and sulphur 

Ans (3)

Q.10 In which part of the body are the tarsal bones found ? 

1) Ear 

2) Leg 

3) Head 

4) Hand 

Ans. - Leg 

Chapter - Respiratory System 

Q.1 What is the process of  removing air out of the respiratory system called ? 

Respiration 

Inhalation 

Exhalation 

None of the above 

Right Answer - Exhalation 

Q.2 Which cell of the human heart receives abundant oxygen rich blood from the lungs ? 

1) Left atrium 

2) Right ventricle 

3) Left ventricle 

4) Right atrium 

Ans (1) 

Q.3 The end product of aerobic respiration is : 

1) CO2 + CO 

2) CO2 + NO 

3) CO2 + O2 

4) CO2 + H2O 

ANS (4) 

Q.4 What is aerobic respiration ? 

1) Respiration without molecular oxygen

2) Respiration through skin

3) Respiration in presence of oxygen

4) Respirations of gills 

Ans (3) 

Q.5 During the _______ process , heat energy is formed 

1) Circulation 

2) Excretion 

3) Digestion 

4) Respiration 

Ans (4) 

Q. 6 Which of the following aquatic animals does not have gills ? 

1) Octopus 

2) Squid 

3) Clown fish 

4) Whale 

Ans (4) 

Q.7 Which of the following membrane covers the lungs ? 

1) Ciliated Epithelium 

2) Diaphram 

3) Pleura 

4) Sternum 

Ans (3) 

Q. 8 Main organ of respiratory system in human body is ___ ?

1) Lung 

2) Kidney 

3) Skin 

4) Heart 

Ans (1) 

Q.9 During respiration takes place in ___

1) Lungs and alveoli 

2) Trachea and larynx 

3) Alveoli and throat 

4) Throat and lungs 

Ans (1) 

 • Definition of amino acid 

  • 10 essential amino acids

  • Properties of amino acids

  • Classification of amino acids

   Definition of amino acid 

Amino acid consists of

• A free NH2 (amino group )

• A free COOH  (carboxyl group )

All amino acids of proteins have the NH2 group attached to the carbon atom which is next to the  COOH group            ( Alpha carbon atom ). So all amino acids of proteins are Alpha amino acid. Proteins are built up from 20 different Alpha amino acids.

10 Essential amino acids 

• Valine
• Isoleucine
• Phenylalanine
• Histidine
• Arginine
• Lycine
• Leucine
• Methionine
• Threonine
• Tryptophan 

All these amino acids are essential for normal growth and maintenance of Nitrogen equilibrium. The nutritional value of protein depends on the amount of essential amino acids present in it. Casein of milk contains all these essential amino acids. So it is a complete protein. Gliadin of Maize lacks in tryptophan. So it is an incomplete protein .

Physical properties of amino acid 

Chemical properties of amino acids

• Reactions due to COOH group

Reactions due to NH2 group 

Classification of amino acids

Neutral amino acids :

Acidic amino acids :

Basic amino acids :

Sulphur containing amino acids :

Aromatic amino acids :

• Phenyalanine
• Tyrosine
• Tryptophan

Heterocyclic amino acids :

• Proline
• Hydroxyproline
• Histidine

 What is enzyme, properties of enzyme, Location of enzyme, Energy of activation, Classification of enzymes, mechanism of action enzyme, factors influencing enzyme action, enzyme inhibition and cofactors of enzyme.

What is enzymes ?

Enzymes are are biological catalysts. They catalyse biochemical reactions in living systems. Almost all enzymes are proteins. There are some nucleic acids that behave like enzymes. These are called ribozymes. An enzyme like any protein has a primary structure that is amino acid sequence of the protein. An enzyme like any protein has the secondary and tertiary structure. When you look at tertiary structure you will notice that the backbone of the protein chain folds upon itself the chain criss-crosses itself and hence , many crevices or pockets are made. One such pocket is the 'active site'. An active site of an enzyme is a crevice Or pocket into which the substrate fits. Thus enzymes through their active site,catalyse reactions at a high rate.

Enzyme catalyst differ from inorganic catalysts in many ways what one major difference needs mention inorganic catalyst work efficiently at high temperature and high pressure. While enzyme get damaged at high temperature at above 40 degree Celsius. However enzyme isolated from organism who normally live under extremely high temperature that is hot vents and Sulphur Springs , are stable and retain their catalytic power even at high temperature up to 80 to 90 degree Celsius. Thermal stability is  such important quality of isolated from thermophilic organisms .

Properties of enzymes 

• They quicken the reactions without being consumed o r lost in the process.

• Enzymes are proteins like all protein enzymes are colloidal in nature and precipitated bi salt solutions.

• They are in activated by heat and alteration of PH .

• enzymes have great specificity. Each enzyme catalyzes one particular reaction.

 Location of enzyme

• Enzymes of glycolytic pathway are present in the cytoplasm.

• Enzymes for the transport of nutrients are present in the cell membrane.

Energy of activation

Classification of enzymes

• Oxidoreductases

• Transferases

• Hydrolases

• Lyases

• Isomerases

• Ligases

 Mechanism of enzyme action 

Factors influencing enzyme action 

• Temperature 

• PH

• Concentration of enzyme

• concentration of substrate

  ENZYME INHIBITION

• Competitive inhibition

• Non -competitive inhibition

•Allosteric inhibition

CO-FACTORS OF ENZYMES

A number of enzymes require metal ions for their activity which form coordination bonds with side chains at the active site and at the same time form one or more coordination bonds with the substrate eg. zinc is a cofactor for the proteolytic enzyme carboxypeptidase .

Catalytic activity is lost when the cofactor is removed from the enzyme which testifies that they play a crucial role in the catalytic activity of the enzyme. 

 carbohydrates and its example , Sources , Classification , types of carbohydrates ,and functions of carbohydrates etc.

What are carbohydrates ?

Classification of Carbohydrates 

• Monosaccharides

• Disaccharides

Sucrose :

Before hydrolysis Sucrose is dextrorotatory on hydrolysis sucrose gives one molecule of glucose and one molecule of fructose. Fructose is strongly laevorotatory than glucose which is the dextrorotatory . Live rotation induced by the presence of fructose is called inversion the product of hydrolysis which contains both glucose and fructose is called invertsugar .

Maltose :

 Lactose :

• Oliogosaccharides 

• Polysaccharides

 Definition of protein ,Role of protein ,Classification of protein ,protein deficiency disease 

Definition of protein 

 Composition :

Role of proteins 

    Classification of proteins 

   Simple protein 

     Conjugated protein 

3. DERIVED PROTEINS 

   Sources of proteins

  Functions of proteins 

Structure of proteins 

1.primary structure

2. Secondary structure 

3. Tertiary Structure 

4. Quaternary structure 

Protein deficiency diseases

Dietary deficiency of proteins 

• Kwashiorkar 

• Skin changes like pigmentation thickening cracks and ulceration

• Hair is thin and Spares the colour is radish to Grey.

Note :- diet rich in protein like milk egg and Soybean are helpful in the treatment of kwashiorkar .

• Marasmus 

The features are :

• The child is very thin with no subcutaneous fat.

• Muscles are severely wasted .

• Head is large and Limbs are thin like sticks

• Weight of the child it is greatly reduced .

• Unlike kwashiorkar there is no oedema.

 NOTE :- marasmus is is treated in the the same way as kwashiorkar by providing diet rich in protein .

Abnormal metabolism of proteins 

There are following few such diseases :

• Phenylketonuria

• Alkaptonuria 

• Albinism 

• Tyrosinosis

         Phenylketonuria

It is a metabolic disorder of protein .It occurs due to the absence of the enzyme phenylalanine hydroxylase . So phenylalanine cannot be converted to tyrosine .So this lead increased excretion of phenylalanine and it's catabolites like phenylpyruvic acid and phenyl lactic acid. The manifestation of this disease are mental retardation and seizures. Also diminished pigmentation are hair and skin can occur .

It is treated by giving a diet with very low levels phenylalanine .Tyrosine constitutes an essential amino acid in these patients and it must be provided in diet .

    Alkaptonuria